The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium - Research Paper ExampleScience claims that these changes be due to genes which are present in our cells. In order to find out how these changes are made, scientists carry out various tests with the swear out of cells and genes (cancer.org 1). These tests are called genetic samples. Many different tests in this regard are been carried out in order to enhance the study of genes. Science has modified and now they are even able to create a life in laboratory or even clone living things. Whether these kinds of tests and experiments should be done or not, is an altogether a very argumentative topic thus spate across the world have different views regarding it where some believe that there is no harm in it on the other hand others believe it to be prohibited. The study discusses the three common and controversial experiments ahead (Lederberg 519) Creation of Human Life Dr. Craig Venter and his team conducted an experiment in which they created an entirely new chromosome with the help of non-natural DNA which was made from chemicals. They transmitted this DNA in to a cell and observed that it was multiplying giving a real life evidence of it to be alive. This experiment was questioned by various scientists and Professors of various fields.

Resume Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Resume - Assignment ExampleMy previous work experiences entail dealing directly with people through administering functions and through managing organizational campaigns.I am highly skilled in undertaking effective communication, in various medium. I am an exemplary team player and could work in various(a) environments even in demanding or highly challenging situations. My ability to discern appropriate conflict negotiating techniques, as well as apply problem-solving strategies, make me highly competent for the position. Likewise, my aviation knowledge and skills would be a potential advantage for an Air and Marine Interdiction Agent, in the near future.I am hereby attaching my resume for your perusal. I would be available for interview at your most convenient time. I could be reached in any of the stipulated contact details. I am confident that when considered for the position, we would be establishing a mutually beneficial business relationship. I would be looking forward to hea ring from you

Human Geography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Geography - Assignment ExampleViewing New Orleans as a cultural artifact (a material thing that reflects and reveals something slightly our life), discuss what New Orleans (both pre- and post-Katrina) tells us about urban life in the United States. What specific changes in urban structure be illustrated by the article New Orleans still a fraction of its former self?Response The Pre-Katrina in New Orleans revealed the tuneful influences of various urban artists, ranging from the Cash Money Rappers to the No Limit Rappers. These musical influences shaped the urban life in the United States and ultimately influenced the use of various terms, such as Bling Bling. The term Bling Bling refers to the New Orleans Rapper Lil Waynes love for diamond jewellery. The term was used throughout the United States, and many slew of all classes referred to their jewelry or diamonds as Bling Bling.The Post-Katrina New Orleans still has these musical influences, but due to the impact of the hur ricane, many artists struggle to maintain their musical influence. Many people have abandoned New Orleans, and as a result, took their musical influences that once contributed to the culture of the city. The Post-Katrina New Orleans struggles to maintain its identity as a musical influence.The specific changes in the urban structure that are illustrated in the article, New Orleans still a fraction of its former self, are the lack of caparison development projects. Because the housing project is at 0%, the urban structure in New Orleans has abandoned the city because there is no propose for these residents to live. Many urban areas, such as the Seventh Ward, were completely destroyed. These areas have not been restored, and many residents who left New Orleans will not return.2. Cities are important sites of cultural production. Consider the impact of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans and the impact the storm had on arguably the citys greatest addition its cultural

Evaluating an Argument Essay Example for Free

Evaluating an strain Es pronounceIn Gary Bauslaughs essay nil Tolerance, there were five (5) arguments leading to the overall impact of the work. To flummox with, Bauslaugh states, The current inclination for public officials to talk of secret code tolerance has arisen because it seems to express public frustration with the lack of justice in the world. It seems to say we atomic number 18 cater up and arnt going to take it anymore. It tells the world that our resolve, in the face of some problem, is absolute. Second, he proceeds stating, Unfortunately, unmitigated stopping point, as suggested by the estimate of vigour tolerance, can be real threat to justice.It is too vulnerable to abuse. It can be used as a device to justify the thoughtless and indiscriminating application program of rules. Zero tolerance expresses a demand for immediate results. Third, Bauslaugh stated, Justice is complex and elusive it requires insight and the delicate balancing of interests a nd principles it is achieved only through thoughtful and fair processes. Fourth, he stated, Many thousands of Americans, mostly young people, are sitting in jails because of the zipper tolerance policy in the so-called war on drugs. Most of these are not real criminals or hard-core drug users.Some of them are addicts, but they need the best and most sensitive wish good if they are to have hope of being cured. The brutality of prison sentences will not help any of them, nor will it help make a kick downstairs society for the rest of us. And lastly, Bauslaugh stated, Zero tolerance is not about protecting the public. It is about making politicians sound tough and it is about portion bureaucrats avoid severe decisions. It is, indeed, a really bad idea, and we should no longer be fooled by it. In analyzing the arguments stated above their standard forms come about as follows joust fig 1 1. The current trend for public officials to talk of zero tolerance has arisen 2. It seems to express public frustration with the lack of justice in the world. 3. It seems to say we are fed up and arent going to take it anymore. Therefore, it tells the world that the public officials resolve is absolute whenever faced with some problem Argument number 2 1. Unmitigated determination is too vulnerable to abuse. 2. It can be used as a device to justify the thoughtless and undiscriminating application of rules. 3.Zero tolerance expresses a demand for immediate results. Therefore, unmitigated determination can be real threat to justice as suggested by the idea of zero tolerance. Argument number 3 1. Justice requires insight and the delicate balancing of interests and principles. 2. It is achieved only through thoughtful and fair processes. Therefore, justice is complex and elusive. Argument number 4 1. Many thousands of Americans, mostly young people, are sitting in jails because of the zero tolerance policy in the so-called war on drugs. 2.Most of these are not real criminal s or hard-core drug users. 3. Some of them are addicts, but they need the best and most sensitive com haveionate if they are to have hope of being cured. Therefore, the brutality of prison sentences will not help any of them, nor will it help make a correct society for the rest of us. Argument number 5 1. Zero tolerance is not about protecting the public. 2. It is about making politicians sound tough. 3. Iit is about helping bureaucrats avoid difficult decisions. Therefore, it is a really bad idea and we should no longer be fooled by it.(3) Evaluate the argument using Goviers ARG In the first argument, the condition A does not pass for the first statement cannot be proved true with its present words alone. It is considered as a posteriori synthetic as the subject of the statement which is trend cannot be clearly defined by arisen alone. How can one prove that there is really a trend of zero tolerance among public officials? There must either be a deposition from the officials th emselves or even a statement mentioning/hinting it as a common knowledge.Both the certify and the third statement, however, passes as true as these are both a priori analytic proven by the defining zero tolerance to be an expression of public frustration with the lack of justice in the world and a statement saying we are fed up ad arent going to take it anymore. The R condition, on the other hand passes. Statements one to three have all the essential evidence to aliment G. Bauslaugh first introduces zero tolerance in the first statement, and then defines it with the succeeding dickens premises. These support how the public officials display an absolute resolve whenever faced with a problem.The G condition has failed in a minor scale for the statement couldve been concluded in a better way. The author couldve stated, It tells the world whenever the public officials are faced with some problem their resolution is absolute. The confusion of who the our were in the statement is cl eared out. In the second argument, condition A passes for the premises have been proven true. The first statement is classified as a posteriori analytic and is proven true by common knowledge. Unmitigated or absolute determination as far as everybody knows is vulnerable to abuse.Concentrating that power like that will eventually corrupt the person and he/she may use it for personal will. The second statement is classified as a priori analytic and is proven true by the law of excluded pump. The statement is neither true nor is it false. That makes it viable to pass for condition A. On the other hand, the third statement is classified as a priori analytic and is proven true by the law of identity. Zero tolerance was defined as something which demands immediate results. Surely, a man without patience acts on whim to get the job done.All the while, the R condition fails for the evidences lack strength in supporting the conclusion. The first statement does not relate to the other two an d clearly it cannot support the conclusion on its own. The following two statements on the other hand are linked but cannot provide the support for the current conclusion form. Subsequently, the G condition fails as well for the R failed. It wasnt supported well enough by the premises. The third argument passes all the ARG condition. The first statement is proven true by the logics law of identity while the second statement is proven by common knowledge.It is known to people that justice can truly be achieved by the fairness of the court and justice is defined as balancing the interests and principles. Both statements are harmonized to give support to the conclusion thus fulfilling the R condition and the G condition. Due to the variety of qualities needed to implement justice, it is proven to be complex and vague. In the fourth argument, the condition A fails in a great scale. All of the statements are a posteriori synthetic and can be proven only by testimony by the authority. The R condition passes if they are seen as a whole.Individually, they cannot support the conclusion. The inducive pattern contributes greatly into the developing the strong conclusion. The G condition passes as well. The R condition was structured well and has provided sufficient evidence to highlight the conclusion. In the last argument,the A condition passes for all the statements are proven by logic, more specifically the law of excluded middle. They are not considered true or false. Such premises are derived only from the authors essay and do not have testimony from authority nor are they considered as common knowledge.Regardless, they are also speculated and are not proven to be fallacies. The R condition passes for the statements are constructed greatly. It pointed out how the zero tolerance is harmful to people then to about how this makes politicians sound tough and hoe they can use this to avoid difficult decisions. Truly, a magnificent inductive reasoning. The G condition pas ses on a minor note but it couldve been constructed in a more precise way. It could go like, Zero tolerance, with all the injustices dictated down, truly is bad for us. We must avoid it

Charismatic Leader Essay Example for Free

Charismatic Leader EssayThis type of leadership holds a separate of power. In both productive and counterproductive respects. The rhetoric employed to effectively carry out charismatic leadership acts as a double lancinating sword. While it is true that a message delivered in a charismatic manner inspires the followers to implement it with a administer of fervor, but in this comparable zest, there are a lot of important issues that are overlooked and lots of questions ignored. This entails problems when the charisma delivers its desired results, but they still leave a pungent taste in the mouth. In my professional career, I progress to not encountered charismatic leadership neither in the top echelons of power nor in the centre of attention management slots. However, most of us have been affected, and even wowed, by the charismatic skills of Barack Obama, while running for the US Presidency in 2008. Inspirational rhetoric, exceptional oratory skills and narcissistic exce llence were expertly deployed towards millions of people. Perhaps in our lifetimes, it has proven to be a living, breathing example of pure, unadulterated charisma.It was a need of the time and a result of the disillusionment with the last 8 years. But, the cynicism that perhaps was personate in the back seat during this process, made a comeback in the last both years, where more and more people have grown disillusioned by the lack of actual, and perceived, objectives being achieved. The overhyped expectations that are, in effect, created by charismatic leadership, eventually end up hampering its own effects, even though the results achieved might be significant.In the spirit of double edged swords, narcissism fits the bill perfectly. Excessive traits of this personality type have officially been diagnosed as a psychological disorder, whereas a good mix of those same qualities supposedly makes a great leader. From my personal experience, there has been a lot more interaction with unproductive narcissists, as compared to the productive ones. Charismatic leadership is an outward focusing theory, but since being confident and thoughtful requires a everlasting(a) understanding of ones own self, unless it is coupled innately with authenticity, there would continue to be major loopholes in its implementation.As is the case with most leadership theories, the situational context of the company or market matter deeply. Charismatic leadership is the need of the hour during turbulent times and thus ends up being back up and nurtured. However, during mature and stable market times, charisma tends to be counter-productive and pointless. Also, since narcissistic leaders tend to believe undoubtedly in their vision, not taking into account the ideas put forward by others, it can become self-destructive for companies. This leadership theory, more than others, needs to be deployed with a lot of care and consideration.

Sat Collegeboard Essay on Bullying Essay Example for Free

Sat Collegeboard Essay on Bullying EssayIn our daily world straight off, batch tend to be more open and let themselves go bad known perhaps, a little to a fault much and too frequently. People should begin to keep things private as if they reveal too much about themselves they leave themselves wide open bullying and gossip their strengths and weaknesses become known to their friends, family or even strangers in their society or even the world.Bullying is a common form of exploiting a weakness that you feel a need to respond to in a generally aggressive manner by taunting, hitting or embarrassing them, gossiping is an some other form where you circle rumors and secrets that youve heard about and again, often exploits weaknesses in flock as if you gossiped to make fun of someone or put them down. The reason why these weaknesses appear is because people today, feel the need to be open, they ar pressured to be social and with that comes a lot of talk about each other. Perhaps another reason is that teenagers today dont hang out, as much as previous generations did, but instead use instant messaging and text messages more, and frequently they convey what the other persons feelings are through their words and comments. Being behind a screen takes away insecurities and allows people to feel that they are safe and sound, except when you gossip or consecrate a secret of yours. As the gossiping trend continues, we see that the secrets could spill out and backfire.An example of bullying or gossiping could be a unshakable girl who talks about her experience with someone like her boyfriend or friend, feeling safe she texts her friend who, by nature, gossips and tells a more fashionable girl who feels that the person who sent the original text is weak or meek even. She gossips and suddenly the school is laughing at her about her boyfriend, girls feel sympathize with and bully her by beating her up or dumping food on her. An example like this is a classic scen ario of a girl who mat up safe and decided to be open instead of keeping her secrets a secret.This is why people in general should be more cautious and certain that some secrets are meant to be kept in private and not in the open where he/she could be susceptible to gossip, bullying or other mixed feelings. As people feel more and more safe behind screens by means of the internet or phone, it could become very parlous for people who are very open. To prevent this, people must be more self-conscience of what they are saying or telling and the consequences by doing so. Therefore people really should make more of an effort to keep things private.

What Is The Modularization Information Technology Essay

What Is The Modularization Information Technology EssayModularization is currently in focus as a meaning for increasing scrap of industrial companies. This is get throughd by bridging the advantages of advantageously-wornization and rationalization with customization and flexibility. T here(predicate) argon three definitions of the terms which needs to be clarified module, modularity, and modularization.The definition of the term module has changed everyplace prison term from being defined by the physical presence into being defined by structure and functionality.Modularity is a combination of arrangings attributes and functionality of the module itself. there ar seven mayor modularity concepts comp binglent sharing modularity, component swapping modularity, bus modularity, sectional modularity, fabricate to fit modularity, mix modularity and stack modularity.Modularization has evolved in an industrial context. There argon three raw material drivers behind the desire for mo dularity modularization in proceeds, modularization in carrefourion and modularization in inter-firm system. Modularization in design represents creation of variety, modularization in production represents the utilization of similarities and modularization in inter-firm system represents a reduction of complexities (Andrea Prencipe, 2003)Modularization does not mean that there is less(prenominal) assembly work indispensable for manufacturing atruck. It simply means that there is shakeup in regard to who is doing what in the valueand supply chain, with much than sub-assembly work done by the suppliers. There is trend fromcomplete assembly done by OEM to important sub-assemblies to be outsourced. This mightnot be irreversible, as assembly firms try to find the most beneficial approach for them thatwill be authentic by suppliers. A big part of the added value comes from the assemblyoperations. (Zima, 2005)Modularization typesThere argon three types of concepts in modularization. These concepts argonModularization in products (architecture)Modularization in productionModularization in inter-firm systemModularization in productsModularization in outputs focuses upon product architecture and the required interrelationship amongst product function and structure. Achieving this one to one correspondence amid the products subsystems and their functions allows modules to be designed with a high breaker point of autonomy and reduces the interdependency with other modules in essence, this refers to introducing and achieving modularity in product design. Others concur with the issue of interdependence, as they describe modularity in design as something which intentionally creates a high degree of liberty or loose coupling between component designs. Figure 1.1 .(Robert Trimble, 2008)The left plot is a schematic representation of the so-called integral product. Since the elements do up the product function (the left triangle) ar interrelated with those makin g up the product structure (the good triangle) in a complex manner, the designer of Subsystem S1 has to take the following factors into accountfunctional interdependence with the other subsystems ( such as s1f1s2, and s1f2s2)structural interdependence with the other subsystems (physical interference, for example, s1s2)Interdependence with the design of the entire system (consistency with the design of the wholly system, s1S1S) 4) interdependence between the sub-functions (such as f1_f2, and F1_F2).Figure 1 1.Modularization in product decreases such interdependence between the concerned elements. It allows one-to-one correspondence between the subsystems and their functions, and enables, for example, the designer of Subsystem S1 to focus solely on Sub-function F1 and S (the structure of the product as a whole). The subsystem becomes a module with a self-contained function, which clear be designed more autonomously. Remaining interdependence after modularization can further be tr im back if the interfaces between the elements are change and standardized as much aspossible. (Takeishi, 2001)Modularization in productionModularization in production describes the manufacturing system structure where, as a conduct of amodular product design, the product is produced from a series of modules each assembled on a sub- eviscerate before transfer to the product assembly line. A non-modular manufacturing system would be as a result of the product structure not containing any structurally cohesive large modules. (Robert Trimble, 2008).Modularization can be illustrated with a similar diagram sh give in figure It is comprised of the Product Structure Hierarchy (right triangle) and the Product Process Hierarchy (left). In order to simplify the explanation, among the whole manufacturing processes, the focus here only on assembly work in the Product Process Hierarchy.The former hierarchy is built up in pursuit of functional independence of each subsystem (i.e., the degree to which a function of the product is achieved by a single subsystem), while the latter is make up for structural cohesiveness (i.e., the degree to which a collection of part can be physically handled as one unit). The latter hierarchy is intended to contribute to structurally cohesive modules which are easy to manage material handling and quality control.Figure 1 1.The left diagram represents non-modular production processes. Without any structurally cohesive large modules, the product is to be assembled from eight small modules (s1 to s8) at the alike(p) hierarchical level on one long main assembly line. On the contrary, in the right diagram, there are two structurally-cohesive modules S1 and S2 on the right, and two subassembly lines to build them and one short main line for finished products on the left (remember the famous watchmaker story in Simon 1969). It can be said that the Product Structure Hierarchy with cohesive modules is translated into the Product Process Hierarchy with one main line and two subassembly lines. (Takeishi, 2001)Modularization in inter-firm system (outsourcing subsystems in larger units to outside suppliers)Modularization in Inter-firm Systems- describes the situation where large modules are assembled by suppliers on their own assembly lines and are delivered and assembled into finished products on the main line of the automaker This facet of modularity is essentially the outsourcing of the assembly of the module to the supply base. (Robert Trimble, 2008)Modularization in inter-firm system, which has drawn increasing attention in the European auto industry, entails outsourcing subsystems in large units (cohesive modules) to suppliers. The left diagram is a schematic representation of production with a higher in-house ratio, in which small modules (s1 s8) are delivered by outside suppliers. On the contrary, the right represents production based on a highly modular supplier system, in which large modules are assembled by outside s uppliers on their subassembly lines, and are delivered and assembled into finished products on the main line of the manufacturer.Figure 1 1.Overall, the three facets of modularization and their interrelations can be illustrated within the same theoretical account of multiple hierarchies as shown in the three pairs of diagrams. Product engineers, process engineers, and purchasing managers mustiness make decisions about the product and process hierarchies and the inter-firm boundaries, while securing close coordination between them. It is obvious that these three facets of modularization must not be mixed up. At the same time, it is also clear that these decisions are interrelated with each other. They are the processes of making decisions about interrelated hierarchies of product functions, product structure, and production processes. There is ever so a possibility of some inconsistency or conflict between the decisions. In a sense, the most critical challenge in modularization is how to avoid or overcome such inconsistency and conflict through coordination. (Takeishi, 2001)Modularity typesThere are varied types of modularity used in industry. An overview of the most common types can be found in Figure 1.1 (Erikstad, 2009).Figure 1.1 A more detailed division into incompatible modularity typesComponent-sharing modularity there are single modules used in polar products. The same module can be used in a completely different product family.Component-swapping modularity occurs when there are more alternative basic components can be paired with the same modular components creating different product variants belong to the same product family.Bus modularity is used when a module with two or more interfaces can be matched with any estimate of the components selected from a list of basic components. The interfaces accept any combination of the basic components. Bus modularity allows variations in the amount and the locations of the basic components in a product. C omponent-swapping and component-sharingmodularity allows only variation in the types of basic components.sectioned modularity is used when there is any number and combination possible by the configuration. Each module can have one, two or more interfaces. There are only a few limitations.Fabricate to Fit ModularityOne or more standard components are used with one or more infinitely variable additional components. Variation is usually associated with physical dimensions that can be modified. An example for this kind of modularity is a cable assembly. The connectors of the cable are standard and the length of the cable is variable.Stack modularity is the method where a collection of modules can be connected to create a unit with a value in some dimension that is the sum of the individual modules. The modules must be of the same type but it can be either a combination of superposable modules or a combination of different sizes of a module.Mix modularity combines different components i nto something new, for example paint or concrete.What are the pros and cons of modularization?AdvantagesReduce time and labor hours required for assembly processIntroducing modularization makes the assembly faster and less complicated, by installing complete preassembled modules the production is more efficient with the result of reducing time and labor. lessening of Labor CostBecause the supplier orders and assembles the parts into a module this time is saved at the one production. Also ordering a module is less labor-intensive compared to social organization standards ordering.Completion of Just-In-Time SystemOne Effects of modularization is for example the decreasing numbers of parts with the effect that JIT is more manageableCost diminution EffectBy increasing the amount of module suppliers the risk of stationary production decreases. If one supplier is not able to deliver on time he gets displaced by the next one .Easy upgrading Once modularization is fulfiled, one module ca n be upgraded easy. This way the system can be always up to date .Changing a module has no effects to the entire design.Dividing a product intocomponents and interfaces allows changes without affecting the entiredesign.Modularization Breaks down problems into smaller and simpler partsBy definition of modularity, the concept enables designers to break the problem into smaller and simpler partsSharing ModulesDesignee teams can share or use again components from other designs, culture time canbe decreased.More effective designing Another benefit of modularity is that it enables engineers to focus more directly on their own module, often steer to a more effective design solution.DisadvantagesDesigning modules is more bafflingDesigning for modularity ismore difficult and takes more effortthan designing a formulation standard system.Determining how to separate a system into modules and how these modules will interconnect is the root of the problem.Tunnel VisionOnce the designis complet e, productdevelopment is simplified by modularity Thepossibility exists that designers will not think tolook at an other methods or solutions.Such tunnel vision may minimize the general quality ofthe design.PerformanceAlmost always performance can be improved over a modular design, because the elimination of interfaces reduces lading and size.moreover, it is sometimes difficult tointegrate modules, designed by different teams, and tomake them worktogether optimally.Communicationcommunication between teams is the potential for redundancyMaintenanceOften when one part of a module needs to be replaced the only way is to replace the hole module. It is also command that it is not possible to order meet one particular part only the hole module.The benefits of modular supply for the assembler are damage reduction, increase of the low-scaleassembly efficiency, and minimization of investment requirements in new plants (Humphreyand Salerno, 2001), as outsourcing allows the automotive manu facturer to allocate part of theinvestment to the suppliers who will be located near the assembly plant (Lung, 2001, Lewisand Wight, 2000). From their side, the suppliers can decrease the financial involvement in thenew production location of the client by associating themselves with local partners. In thiscase they have to ensure that the international standards of battle (productivity,quality, logistics etc) will be reached (Lung, 2001). VOLVO.pdfSectors which apply modularizationFigure 1 1.Around 1990s up till now the industries have developed from designing and developing one-of-a-kind products units, towards more standardized and modular products. With these standardized methods a large number different product can be product to satisfy the customers (Erikstad, 2009).Throughout the industries, many companies in differed sectors have adopted some kind of modularisation in their organisation. Each sector or company that adopted modularization is unique in their solutions how to i mplement this strategy. The sectors on the frontiers of modularisation are the automotive, automatic engineering, Special machinery/Plant engineering, these sectors modularisation is widely used. There are many more sectors where modularisation is practise (Berger, 2012). In the diverse industries there are numerous examples how modularisation is implement to the benefits of companies.The in automotive basic platforms are used in many different models or brands. This is the same in electronics were components are extensive reuse twain across different brands and across different product types. Software companies split up their complex software systems to able to work parallel and reduce the complexness of the program (Jacobsen, 2003). For building ocean going cargo ship it is almost impossible to build a ship without modularisation because of the size and complexity (Gockowski, 2005)The benefits reported are reduced cost, shorter development cycles and the ability to maintain a br oad product range while standardizing and reducing the number of different components and configuration elements. (Erikstad, 2009)Companies which apply modularization successfullyIn this chapter the most successful companies which apply modularization will be described.The companies are divided in different kinds of sectors ( see Figure 1 1.)(Berger, 2012) Automotive robotic engineering Special machinery/ plant engineering Electronics Medical engineering Railways Heating / climate Automation Power tools OtherAutomotiveScaniaScania is a very wholesome known company which use the modularization strategy since 1930s. Scanias unique modular product range is one of its most important success factors. Since each product of Scania is made entirely on the basis of the customers business and the real-world situation, it ensures the best possible performance and quality. Meanwhile, the modular product system demoralises Scanias costs, since by using a limited number of components the compa ny can give each customer an optimised product. This business model is one important reason why Scania has been profitable every year for sextuplet decades and often describes its relationship with customers as a win-win situation. (Fagrenius, 2012 )Car manufacturingA lot of car manufacturers produce by a modularisation strategy. With this modularization different parts are produced and can be fit together on different types of cars. Some examples of car brands which change the same parts on different types are Volkswagen, Seat and Audi. (MILTENBURG, 2003)Mechanical engineeringShipbuildingMarintekThe Norwegian Marine Technology Research Institute (MARINTEK) performs research and development for companies in the celestial sphere of marine technology. This companies develops ships on a modularization strategy. The whole ship is divided in modules which are separately fabricated. (Erikstad, 2009)DamenDamen shipyards is the biggest company in the Netherlands which designs and manufac ture on base of modularisation. (Damen, 2013)Ship equipmentThe equipment on a ship and in the engine room is designed and manufactures in modules. These modules are manufactured and assembled in the workshop, and are fit together on a ship ( as a block). This is a successful way to produce because of many technological, services and economical aspects. Some companies which are manufacturing on this way are Marine service Noord and Impas, and Alfa laval. (Noord, 2013) (Laval, 2013)Product manufacturingThere are a lot of production companies which use the modularization strategy. They have their focus on reducing delivery time and production costs. Some well known production companies in the Netherlands are Phillips, VDL, Burgers trailers, Hytrans fire systems and Vanderlande. (TNO, 2008)Special machinery/ plant engineeringSiemens Power plantBased on our extensive implement in building power plants, Siemens has developed innovative combined cycle reference power plants, known as Siem ens Combined roll (SCC) turnkey plants. Suited for applications from 100 MW to over 850 MW per unit, these plants help you to meet the challenges of a dynamic market and are designed to optimize planning, implementation times and lower life-cycle costs. (AG, 2008)Nuclear power plantsFor currently operating U.S. nuclear plants, the average construction period was 9,3 years the longest was 23,5 years. In Japan, close attention to modularization and construction sequencing has reduced construction times for the ABWR reactor design. (Lee Presley, 2009)FluorFluor has pioneered the economic advantages and commercialization of modular construction. Fluors proven performance showcases large-scale modular construction across a variety of Client industries. From brutal arctic winters working the Trans-Alaskan Pipeline, or offshore oil and gas platforms in Trinidad Tobago, or state-of-the-art biotechnology facilities, to the new San Francisco Oakland true laurel Bridge, Fluor has successful ly utilized modular construction to address Client challenges. (Fluor, 2013)HitachiHitachi has been developing and perfecting modularization technology to facilitate domestic nuclear power plant construction since the early 1980s, and it has made great strides in rationalization. Modularization is the ideal plant construction technique for reduced costs, higher quality, improved safety and shorter construction times. We believe that modularization technology is one of the best solutions for the current plant construction environment. (Maru, 2002)Oil and gas industryLinde BOC Process Plants LLCModularized construction has many positive aspects to consider. The modules contain the equipment, piping, heat tracing, electrical instrumentation systems, specialized coatings, fire protection, ladders, and platforms. Modules can be horizontal, vertical, single level, or multi-level depending on the plot space, equipment, and required piping configuration. The optimumsplit of modular field construction efforts is determined for each individual project based upon such factors as local labour costs, transportation limitations and schedule. (Laar, 2008)Electronics and automationPhilipsPhilips is one of the largest television manufacturers in the world. Fierce competition in the television market is leading to smaller profit margins, price erosion, shorter time to market, and a battle for shelf space. To remain competitive, we must minimize the bill of material and the cost of system development. Minimizing the bill of material puts constraint on the resources of a television, such as memory, bandwidth, CPU cycles, and footprint. We minimize the cost of system development by modularization.AirbusThe Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) concept, which replaces numerous separate processors and line replaceable units (LRU) with fewer, more centralized processing units, is promising significant weight reduction and maintenance savings in the new generation of commercial airliner s (Ramsey, 2007).Medical engineeringPhillipsAlready in the early days of empennage, Philips Medical Systems observe the advantages of CAN and decided to use this network protocol as communication network for interconnecting various components such as collimators, generators, and patient tables in their X-ray systems. To achieve a modular and open approach, a group within Philips Medical Systems, managed by Tom Suters, developed the first higher layer protocol for CAN, the CAN Message Specification (CMS), which was presented to the public in 1992.Heating / climateThe corporate modular cooling solutions combine multiple components designed to fit your specific requirements and specifications. This integrated solution not only reduces the total number of suppliers, but it also drives down your overall costs (laval, 2013)Power toolsBlack DeckerThe patented MATRIX modular tool system offers performance and value in a simple and practical way for power tool users to grow their toolbox at their own pace. With this system, users can access some of the industrys most popular types of tools which were traditionally limited to professionals while offering savings up to 42% versus purchasing bare tools separately. (Decker, 2013) deem of modularizationJoery stuk btp btf etcKey elementsKey elements modularizationInternal key elementsProduct design etcExternal key elementsSuppliers etcBoundary conditions